The Use of Information Technology In the Delivery of Hospitality Essay

The Use of Information Technology In the Delivery of Hospitality Services - Essay Example Effect of Information Technology on Hospitality Firms Without an uncertainty, in the previous scarcely any years from engaging guests or visitors and making menus to observing staff individuals, data innovation has altogether changed and modernized the manner in which the friendliness part works right now (Pandey, 2010). Before, the accommodation firms have utilized cards, genuinely, or administrative work at the front work area to keep up a correspondence with old and existing clients. In this situation, accommodation firms were generally at the sympathy of the requirements of visitors to arrive, just as on their own endeavors and staff to be there for potential floods or expanded insufficiencies of tenure. Then again, without IT bolstered devices and applications cordiality firms were confronting genuine business issues. In their article, (Nikolis, 2008) layout an assortment of critical regions of the friendliness firms where IT instruments and applications are being utilized to of fer administrations. For example, one of the essential reasons that IT has ended up being basic is its support for the charging area of the accommodation firms, which has been fundamentally improved with its development. Truth be told, manual information passage and customary paper-based was moderate, tedious and ineffective, and it didn't offer powerful help in letting the accommodation firm comprehend what is the current status of their firm. Then again, so as to manage these issues the headways of IT as best in class record remembering frameworks keep an inn proprietor to stay up with the latest with what they have with great effortlessness accessible, how much venture it will require some investment it will take (Nikolis, 2008). Moreover, so as to utilize... This exposition focuses on that data innovation is assuming a noteworthy job in all social statuses. Our lives are constantly encircled by the data advances. Seeing the ever-expanding significance of data innovations cordiality industry has begun utilizing data advances in various structures. This paper has introduced a nitty gritty examination of a portion of the significant employments of data advancements in the friendliness business. This paper has summed up the perspectives of different specialists. At the present, the Internet is assuming a noteworthy job in the friendliness business. Most of lodgings is receiving this device for advertising reason. Numerous inns utilize their sites to speak with their clients and get their criticism. The data innovation has likewise helped the friendliness firms to mechanize their manual or customary business forms. This paper has likewise talked about the absolute most recent innovations which can be embraced by inns so as to get a serious edge over different lodgings and get the consideration of more clients. Be that as it may, it relies upon an association how adequately it utilizes data innovation. A neighborliness firm should remember the enthusiasm of their clients and offer offices based on their inclinations. The utilization of the data innovation has offered a ton of advantages and open doors for the accommodation business.

Bates Manor- Marketing Case free essay sample

As of late BatesManor Furniture converged with Lea Meadows and was confronted with the choice with the financial feeling of consolidating the business endeavors of the two organizations. Lea Meadows utilizes deals operators to speak to their upholstered items and BatesManor has its own business power; Does the organization give the new obtained line to existed deals power or keep on utilizing the business specialists? Each organization chief wants to leave the business obligation to their particular deals endeavors. Lea Meadows at present utilizes 15 deals specialists to speak to its exclusive and produced organization. Their Net Sales were $5 million of every a 15. 5 billion dollar showcase expected to extend one year from now. Deals operators utilized by Lea Meadows anyway are not exclusively speaking to their image, however will in general talk about lines from a few of their accessible items with their clients. They are paid 5% of net deals and are speculated to invest 10-15% of their energy in Lea Meadows items. We will compose a custom exposition test on Bates Manor-Marketing Case or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page BatesManor as of now has Net Sales of $75 million in the 12. 4 billion dollar wooden furniture advertise. The 10 salespeople approach 1000 retail accounts and gain a pay of $70,000 yearly in addition to . 5% commission. The bit of leeway to the BatesManor agents is their insight and regard in the business they work in. Agents were making around 10 calls for every week, averaging 3 hours for every call. So as to develop inside the business, Bates might want to see the call recurrence be expanded to 7 calls for every record every year to coordinate industry standards. Choices BatesManor’s Vice President John Bott recommends that the Lea Meadows product offering basically be given to the business power at BatesManor. Their business power includes the built up connections inside the business that can be profitable and just 15% of deals call time is required to deal with the Lea Meadows line. Martin Moorman, Lea Meadow’s national team lead proposes the line should remain in the hands of the business operators as of now utilized by Lea Meadows. His contention depends on the way that the business specialists as of now have set up contacts with the retail outlets dependent on this particular product offering. These business specialists additionally much of the time contact customers that are not canvassed by BatesManor and so as to cover these customers BatesManor would need to employ more salesmen. Fundamentally, the sheer number of mixes related with the Lea Meadows brand would require a broad information on the product offering and concentrated preparing. Suggestion We prescribe to proceed with the present deals power of BatesManor. With numbers assessed the more financial choice is to instruct the present deals power as opposed to depend on an alternate deals circulation procurement totally. Lea Meadows workers would should be consolidated, and Moorman would should be either reassigned or terminated which would strain individual connections however is a superior choice monetarily.

Global Strategy and Local Needs in the Luxury Car Market Essay

1 Introduction Since the 1980’s specialists have been attempting to comprehend what globalization is and how upper hand can be increased out of it. This examination will take a gander at this development with a basic eye and reflect whether it is here and there better to give neighborhood needs need in the executives choices. The reason for this investigation is to break down whether the â€Å"Global system, however neighborhood needs† supposition prompts achievement. The goal is to give logical proof to this procedure, break down various organizations’ systems and give a potential suggestion to the best practice. Globalization is a driver of extravagance 1 however it isn't the best answer for apply this methodology in every vital choice. This paper won't just gander at this vital methodology when all is said in done, yet will attempt to concentrate in explicit on the extravagance vehicle advertise. The extravagance fragment is an entrancing subject for logical research, since it despite everything gives prospects to moderately crucial research inside its specialty. 2 Although there is significant writing about explicit brands, there is an absence of deliberate and insightful work that â€Å"analyses the extravagance vehicle marvel itself. † 3 The significance of this portion has likewise been underlined in Sergio Marchionne’s ongoing discourse to the investors (supplement 7. 2). The CEO of the Fiat S. p. an and of the Chrysler Group LLC underlined that his procedure for the eventual fate of the Group is situated in the premium4 vehicle creation. 5 The inspiration of this paper along these lines is to break down the test Maserati should deliver and to show up to some practicable ends. 1 Cf. Kapferer/Bastien 2012, p. 12. 2 Cf. Heine 2012, p. 6. 3 Cf. Berger 2001, p. 160. 4. Articulation purposefully cited to delineate a later clarified explanation 5 Cf. Fiat S. p. a. 2012b. Definition and wording 1. 1 2 Methodology The discoveries of this task are gotten from essential, auxiliary and tertiary wellsprings of data. The tertiary source was for the most part the list of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek in Frankfurt. Another significant piece of the information assortment contributed the Internet. Most information has been found with the web crawler google. com and researcher. google. com and the landing pages of the relative brands referenced in the undertaking. The greatest piece of the project’s data was removed from auxiliary sources, for example, course books, papers and explicit writing. At last, the yearly reports of 2011 of chose brands have been counseled. 2 Definition and wording 2. 1 Strategy â€Å"†¦ Strategy in corporate practice is an incorporated idea with the target of guaranteeing long haul endurance in dynamic collaboration with the opposition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ 6 In today’s ordinary changing business condition all organizations are compelled to rethink their techniques, their structures and their procedures consistently. Be that as it may, the responses to each key and authoritative test is changing among ventures. 7 Therefore initial a synopsis of various general vital choices will be introduced. Subsequently a point by point investigation of the trademark procedure in the extravagance vehicle market will be created. 2. 2 Global or Local Strategy In this part the two terms worldwide and nearby procedure ought to be characterized. Besides the vital test of a business to settle on the two systems ought to be broke down. 6 Cf. Kotler/Berger/Bickhoff 2010, p. 12. 7 Cf. Bartlett/Ghoshal 1990, p. 17. Definition and phrasing 3 Businesses have been universal since old occasions and at its beginnings global business had basically the type of sending out and bringing in. Any business that completes a portion of its exercises across national limits can be characterized as a universal business. 8 In the 70s and 80s watchwords as normalization, legitimization and centralization denoted the new inclination towards globalization. 9 Globalization is a term that rose during the 1980s/90s10 and that has become a popular expression during the 1990s. 11 Originally globalization was just a monetary marvel that depicted the mix and merger of national economies, and the advancement of correspondence and creation of information, transportation and relocation. 12 Today the degree to which the organization’s exercises are spread across geological locales has become a significant thought in the usage of an associations technique. 13 A worldwide methodology is the inclination of an organization to a predictable procedure and adjustment to neighborhood conditions become repetitive. Worldwide associations increase upper hand defeating national and mainland limits. In this way it was a generally held conviction that there was the hazard that the globalization would overwhelm all local and national contrasts. 14 Though today we have proof that there is no â€Å"global village† and that territorial and national contrasts can't be so effortlessly ignored. On the opposite most of the clearly worldwide associations utilize neighborhood contrasts to increase upper hand. 15 Therefore various writing and research on the counter-pivoting pattern to globalization, the supposed confinement, can be found. Confinement when all is said in done methods the adjustment to or thought of nearby economic situations. The majority of the examination inferred that the two obviously opposite ideas don't commonly reject yet rely upon each other: â€Å"Globalization can mean the support of 8 Cf. Campbell/Stonehouse/Houston 2002, p. 255. 9 Cf. Bartlett/Ghoshal 1990, p. 36. 10 Cf. Lohmeier 2008, p. 9. 11 Cf. Rohm 2010, p. 4. 12 Cf. Lohmeier 2008, p. 9. 13 Cf. Campbell/Stonehouse/Houston 2002, p. 254. 14 Cf. Lohmeier 2008, p. 10 15 Cf. Lohmeier 2008, p. 58. 4 Definition and wording or go together with localism as in ‘Think all around, demonstration locally’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  16 . Various writings even find another idea called â€Å"Glocalization. † Glocal systems are procedures that give proof to worldwide and neighborhood players, to react favorable and intentional to globalization. They should help worldwide players to limit their exercises where advantageous and show available resources to nearby players to utilize the worldwide zone individually †in the two cases without surrendering their worldwide or neighborhood character. 17 2. 3 Bartlett’s and Ghoshal’s model According to Bartlett and Ghoshal there are three conventional key headings an organization can follow. Tab. 1: The three key bearings 18 Multinational Global International Solid nearby nearness Cost decrease through Usage of information and through regard of national incorporated yet overall abilities of the HQ needs situated exercises through overall dissemination and adjustment 2. 4 The worldwide association The global association as per Bartlett and Ghoshal is the original of the association. Toward the start of the 1900th century this was the most diffused hierarchical model. As appeared in figure 1 in the worldwide authoritative model the HQ is at the inside with many decentralized, related and self-ruling branches encompassing it. The particular needs of the neighborhood markets are supported and thusly they can respond to nearby needs. Truly this authoritative model was the one of numerous European organizations that ventured into remote nations. A few of these organizations initially where family claimed organizations. Procedures depended on close to home relationship and 16 Cf. Pieterse 1995, p. 49 zitiert nach Lohmeier 2008,p. 53. 17 Cf. Lohmeier 2008, p. 64. 18 Cf. Bartlett/Ghoshal 1990, p. 32. 5 Definition and phrasing casual contacts instead of formal structures and frameworks. Along these lines just rudimentary money related control was vital. 19 Branch Decentralized alliance: Many key resources, obligations and choices are decentralized Branch HQ Branch Personal control: Informal HQ †auxiliary relationship, basic budgetary control Branch Multinational attitude: Management considers abroad tasks as arrangement of interdependant business. Branch Figure 1: Multinational association 20 2. 4. 1 The universal association This authoritative model has similitudes to the worldwide association. Anyway as appeared in figure 2 the branches are increasingly subject to the exchange of data and information from the HQ. The goal of this sort of association is to move information and capabilities in viewpoints, for example, innovation or showcasing to immature remote branches. The national branches can adjust items or systems, while the HQ decides advancement and procedures. In contrast with the global association model there is more systematization and control. As indicated by Bartlett and Ghoshal the global association model had its forward leap in the post-war period. The global hierarchical model is the model for the average American Management culture of strengthening and designation. 19 Cf. Bartlett/Ghosal 1990, p. 73. 20 Cf. Bartlett/Ghosal 1990, p. 74. 6 Definition and phrasing Branch Coordinated organization: Many resources, assets, duties and choices are decentralized however constrained by HQ Branch HQ International attitude: Management considers abroad activities as addendum to a focal local enterprise Branch Administrative control: formal administration planningand control frameworks permit higher HQ-auxiliary linkage. Branch Figure 2: International association 21 2. 4. 2 The worldwide association Global organizations build up their items and systems considering just one equivalent overall market. Item advancement, creation and showcasing techniques stay incorporated. 22 As appeared in figure 3 the most significant attributes of the old style worldwide association have HQs that are a brought together center point that seriously controls the branches and an administration mindset that sees the world as one e

Risk Management Of Public Debt In Emerging Countries Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Overall objective of public debt management is to reduce the countrys fiscal vulnerability by stabilizing the debt ratio dynamics at some desirable level (Melecky 2007). The traditional approach to public debt management analyzes debt sustainability in the absence of risk. The risk management approach, in contrast, shows that risk is minimized if a debt instrument provides insurance against variations in the primary budget and the debt ratio due to uncertainty about output and inflation (Bloomenstien 2005). Risk management, which lies at the heart of government debt management, makes crucial link between the formulation and implementation of debt management strategies (Wheeler 2004). Importance of public debt risk management as appropriate tool of debt control was confirmed by financial crises from the nineties and especially the late 2000s recession, which leave many economies worldwide, both developed and emerging, with high budget deficits and public and external debts. Managing risks associated with sovereign debt is particularly challenging in emerging market economies compared to more advanced economies due to the volatility in the macro environment, as well as the complexity of the debt structure and the underdevelopment of financial markets, which make it harder to use more advanced risk management tools (Bloomenstein 2004). More specifically, particular issues of sovereign debt risk management in EMCs include: Lack of natural stabilizers. EMCs lack the natural stabilizing structural characteristics that allow the use of effective counter-cyclical policies (Garcia and Rigobon 2004). Inefficient government bond market. Emerging debt managers often face difficulties or impossibilities to borrow in nominal terms in the domestic currency in the long-run, which results in less options for fiscal adjustments and more dependency from captive lending agreements. This phenomenon is well-known as original sin (Eichengreen, Hausmann and Panizza 2002). Limitations to benefit from risk-sharing. Many emerging markets are not in the position to benefit from efficient international or domestic risk-sharing, neither to share a significant degree their risks with their creditors (Bloomenstein 2005). High risk of contingent liabilities. Emerging market economies faces high risk of contingent liabilities World Bank Study of public debt dynamics shows that the realization of (implicit and explicit) contingent liabilities contributes nearly 50% to the increase i n public debt in a sample of 21 emerging markets (Anderson 2004). 3. LITERATURE REVIEW Public debt management as the general framework of the public debt risk management has been rarely issue of academic analysis until last two decades, although it has been practiced as a part of economic policy for centuries. Early academic papers in this field were primarily dealing with debt management objectives. Tobin (1963) regard government debt management primarily as a tool for macroeconomic stabilisation, with minimisation of interest costs coming secondary. Baro (1979) recommended tax smoothing as government debt objective, claiming that, if there is a sharp rise in government expenditure during a recession, this should not be compensated with tax increases, but rather be absorbed by a temporary deterioration of the budget balance. Consideration of tax smoothing as debt management objective became first mainstream line of academic reasoning about public debt governance and open the discussion on the issue of optimal debt structure that should provide a hedge against mac roeconomic shocks to the government budget, that is, by choosing a portfolio of securities with returns that co-vary negatively with government consumption and positively with the tax base and, thus, output (Lucas and Stokey, 1983; Barro, 1995; Bohn, 1990; Missale, 1997). Licandro and Masoller (2000) provide analytical solution for the optimal debt structure. Due to the Stabilization and Growth Pact that was introduced to European Monetary Union, budget deficit of member countries has been limited to 3%, thus Missale (2000) set the analytical solution for the optimal debt structure stating budget deficit to GDP as objective function. In general, budget stabilization or tax smoothing approach provides important insights in decision making process in public debt management and emphasized importance of the correlation matrix between key macroeconomic variables like inflation, GDP growth and interest and exchange rates for the optimization of debt structure. However, tax smoothing ap proach as public debt management objective was criticized in terms of their practical accuracy. Alesina, Roubini and Cohen (1997) argue that debt managers ignore the budget stabilisation approach because budgetary policy is not driven by tax smoothing motives. They claim that governments put up with the welfare losses caused by tax rate fluctuations. De Haan and Wolswijk (2005) attribute the lack of practical application of the budget stabilisation approach to the fact that countries find it difficult to investigate how the various macroeconomic variables affect the debt costs and the balance. Furthermore, it is not known what shocks (demand or supply shocks) a country may expect. As a result, it is practically impossible to determine the right hedge for the budget balance in advance. Additional critics that could be addressed to this approach is that it says little about exposure of debt portfolio to risk and costs of debt. New mainstream line of academic reasoning has started a t the beginning of the century, when Sweden Debt Management Office (Bergstrom and Holmlund, 2000) introduced new approach to debt management that set minimization of debt costs an objective of public debt management and employs stochastic process modeling in order to capture stochastic nature of risk factors. Power to the rise of new approach was given by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, which Guidelines for the Public Debt Management, issued in 2001, states that the main objective of public debt management is to ensure that the governments financing needs and its payment obligations are met at the lowest possible cost over the medium to long run, consistent with a prudent degree of risk. In practical sense, it means that governments should look for such debt structure that minimize potential loss of adverse shocks and market movements by efficient management of the risks. Additionally, Guidelines clearly stated six types of the risk that governments should manage . Cost minimization approach was widely accepted by debt management authorities worldwide and included as public debt management objective in associated strategies (Wheeler, 2004, pp. 14-15). Correspondingly, large number of academic papers dealing with minimization of a government loss function based on numerical approach has emerged. According to Melecky (2007), recent numerical approaches can be broadly grouped regarding the indicators they produce: Cost at risk (CaR) approach. The main indicator of interest that concerns this group is the CaR measure, whereby cost is typically measured as a ratio to GDP. The standard parts of the simulation the CaR computation is a framework simulating the paths of the underlying economic financial variables which are modeled using usual approaches like term structure modeling of interest rates (Bodler 2002, 2003) or autoregressive modeling of stochastic variables (Bergstrom and Holmlund, 2000). Default probability based on specified go vernments debt-to-GDP default ratio. This approach again uses simulated paths of economic variables and the debt structure to compute the corresponding government debt-to-GDP ratios, but switch the focus from CaR computation to sustainability of debt, using different stochastic modeling approach like Vector Autoregression models (Garcia and Rigobon, 2004) or system of Brownian motion (Xu and Ghezzi, 2004). Default probability based on a distress barrier. This approach work with an explicit measure of sovereign credit risk derived from a contingent claim analysis (Gapen, Gray, Limand Xiao (2005), Gray, Merton and Bodie (2005)) The first comprehensive research that discusses issues of risk management of public debt was conducted by the Organization for the Economic Cooperation and Development (2005), comprising both theoretical advances in the area and debt management authorities practices. However, this research encompasses mostly industrialized countries, paying a little atten tion to the developing and EMCs. Issues of risk management of public debt in emerging market countries still remain insufficiently covered field, although it has been argued that there is significant difference between volatility of macro variables between developed and emerging economies (Bloomenstein and Santiso, 2007). 4. RESEARCH GOALS Structure and level of government portfolio is driven by the government borrowing requirements, which are results of the broader fiscal and monetary policy of the country. Once the borrowing requirements are determined, the question that arises is whether risk management tools, which have been broadly used by business financial institutions like commercial banks or investments fund, could be efficiently applied to the public debt portfolio in order to minimize its costs. The main issue of the thesis is to assess the efficiency of the risk management approach to the mitigation of risk of public debt and the predictability of public debt costs and government loss. Tools for measurement of risk exposure of the public debt are considered and compared in order to investigate whether they could capture complexity of macro environment in EMCs. Then, dynamic modeling of the government loss function is analyzed trough the simulation models to assess robustness of the loss paths to the ad verse market movements. Further, contribution of the risk management approach to the optimization of the debt structure toward insurance of long-term sustainability and identification of appropriate instruments that should be used to hedge risk exposures is investigated. The major research questions based on general research framework are: Which measurement of the risk exposure is more appropriate to use for the assessment of the public debt riskiness? Does risk management approach to public debt management lead to the efficient cost-risk optimization of public debt portfolio? Which types of risks are mostly mitigated by application of risk management approach? Is it possible to structure public debt portfolio to be robust against shocks of supply or demand or sharp changes in interest and exchange rates? Do financial derivatives contribute to the mitigation of public debt risks? The following working hypotheses, which could be amended or refuted in the research process, are derived from the research questions: Risk measure based on VaR approach efficiently capture market risk of government portfolio loss. Application of VaR approach to the dynamic modeling of government loss is more efficient than Vector Autoregression Model (VAR) approach in terms of explanatory power. Optimal structure of the public debt lies at the efficient frontier reflecting risk-cost trade-off. Interest rate, exchange rate and rollover risks are successfully mitigated by risk management tools. Mitigation of operational risks and contingent liability risks are not affected by risk management tools. Maturity of the debt is affected by use of the interest or currency swaps as hedge instruments. The analysis will contribute both to the academic and economic policy fields. Within the academic field, it will give deeper insight how correlations between key macroeconomic variables, original sin and limited choice of market instruments and limited use of the financial instruments affect the efficient applicability of risk management tools to public debt management. Further, it contributes to the public debt offices of the EMCs, which have recognized the importance of the introduction of more sophisticated tools for quantification of the public debt risk. 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research design follows the deductive approach, starting with the review of the existing theoretical and empirical work as a basis for the operationalization of the hypotheses. In the second stage of the research, hypotheses are empirically tested; nature of the research hypotheses does not require collecting of primary data, thus for the empirical testing only secondary data provided by the relevant financial institutions and statistical offices are considered. In the theoretical part of the research, two sources of literature will be primary used. First, key academic papers published in renowned journals such as Journal of Political Economy, American Economic Review or Journal of Monetary Economics, on the subject of public debt management are reviewed. However, due to the relatively recent origins of the academic, review of already published academic papers is accompanied with numerous working papers which are still under the consideration of the expert public. Second, as the field of public debt is inevitably connected with economic policy practice, large number of public debt strategies, reports and policy papers issued by countrys debt offices and international organizations like World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and Bank for International Settlements is reviewed to complete theoretical and practical advances in the research field. The empirical part of the project starts with the descriptive analysis of secondary data on public debt and other macroeconomic parameters of EMCs. Relevant database will consists of monthly time series of necessary variables. Primarily source of the data will be International Monetary Fund and World Bank statistical data, accomplished with data of national banks and country statistical offices. The central part of the empirical research will be based on the regression analysis and Value-at-Risk analysis. Regarding the time horizons, analysis is longitu dinal, as it is imposed by the nature of the proposed analytical tools. The dependent variable which is modeled is cost of public debt as a measurement of government risk of loss. Independent variables include all macroeconomic variables grounded as relevant by the existing theory subjected to public debt management, as real GDP, public sector borrowing requirements, inflation, interest rates, country risk and exchange rates. In addition, Monte Carlo models are employed to simulate the dynamic of the debt costs, and back testing analysis is used to assess efficiency of the proposed model. Selected countries for the empirical analysis are Hungary, Poland and Czech which are widely recognized as the European EMCs by the world most prominent financial analytic entities. Focus of the empirical research on the only European countries, although practical in the term of data availability, diminish the power of generalization that is implied by deductive approach. However, the conclusion s of the research will be representative for the other emerging economies from the Central and Eastern Europe, regarding the similarity of transition character of their economies. 6. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS Beside the introduction and conclusion chapters, Thesis consists of two parts, theoretical and empirical. Problem background, research framework and structure of the thesis are presented in the introduction. Theoretical part is divided in three chapters, each dealing with the critical review of the important findings of the existing literature. First chapter deals with the foundations of public debt management as general framework for the managing of the costs and risks of government finance. Second chapter defines risk management tools and discuss the role and various application of them within the public debt management framework. Third chapter analysis previously mentioned specific issues of public debt related to the EMCs. Empirical part consists of four chapters. First chapter gives cross-country analysis of the EMCs public debt risk management policy practices. Second chapter deals with the development of the hypothesis based on the overall literature review from the first part, supported with the findings for the investigated EMCs countries. Third chapter presents methodology, data and limitations of the research. Fourth chapter presents findings of the analysis in line with their critical discussion and implications. Conclusion part gives the comprehensive summary of the most important findings of the thesis and recommendations for the further research issues.

Breast Cancer Treatment And Therapy With Nanomedicine

Breast cancer treatment and therapy with nanomedicine is a fad nowadays and rightfully so, it is the need of the minute. The incidence rate of breast cancer has witnessed a minimum 10-fold increase in the past few decades. The mortality rate in women is rising and breast cancer is a major contributing factor. Due to several changes in the hormonal, nutritional and environmental factors over the years, there is a shift observed in the rise of breast cancer. At a point, conventional mammography for detection and early treatment was the focal point but with the advent of research methodologies, nanomedicine has come into play. The scientific world is encouraged to develop methods that utilize nanoparticles for targeting the vicious breast cancer tumors. The cardinal reason for the preference of nanoparticles is its minute size and structure. 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Reason For Referral - Original Writing - 1099 Words

Reason for Referral A.D. and her father state that she finds math to be challenging. A.D. states that she is easily confused in math class when her teacher provides instructions without a verbal explanation. She reiterates that she finds math harder when her teacher does not provide oral directions. A.D. remains focused in math class, with her eyes on her teacher and/or on the board, as well as participates in class lectures by raising her hand when her teacher asks questions. A.D.’s father believes that his daughter performs well in math and enjoys the subject, but she is easily confused when it comes to completing her homework and what is expected of her to complete. A.D. states that she enjoys learning math and working through problems, but dislikes when she finds herself unaware of what to do, which in return leaves her struggling with new math concepts. In order to provide the best instructional methods to meet A.D.’s specific learning needs, the purpose of this Psychoeducationa l assessment is to gather information regarding how A.D. learns, specifically how A.D. learns mathematic concepts. The problem question is listed as follows: How does A.D. process information? Specifically, how does A.D. process information concerning math? This information is needed in order to determine the best methods to implement to improve A.D.’s performance in math. Background Information A.D. is a seventeen-year-old female who lives in Snellville, Georgia with her mother,Show MoreRelatedErr Questions - Childcare Apprenticeship1128 Words   |  5 Pagesproblems relating with your employment and that any issues should be resolved if possible. The grievance policy is there if you want to formally complain about something which is usually by making a written record encase it is needed for future referrals. You can also verbally raise an issue that may be concerning you on an informal basis. Everyone is entitled to be accompanied by a fellow employee during any part of the procedure if they are needed as a witness or if they may be able to explainRead MoreAffinity Orientation Discrimination Cases Study1095 Words   |  5 Pageswant Michelle to use the mens locker room because of her gender change. The women refused to share the womens locker room with Michelle, because the women knew of Michelles original gender. At ABC Hospital it is standard procedure for operating room nurses to wear unisex surgical scrubs. Therefore, I do not see the reason why she want use the men locker and shower room. Michelle is not wearing a uniform dress with a cap as a nurse while at work. I feel that she is still considered as a man. MichelleRead MoreDefinition Of Physical Classroom Arrangement1703 Words   |  7 Pagesweek period is located in a middle school that includes sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. The specific class was a Developing English class for English language learners. It was comprised of sixteen eighth-graders who based on tests in reading, writing, listening, and speaking were designated to have intermediate English language proficiency. Of the sixteen students, three receive special education accommodations for learning disabilities and one student receives services for emotional disabilitiesRead MoreCurrent Public Procurement Legislation and the Prohibition of Post-Tender Price Negotiation531 Words   |  2 Pagesrecommended by CIPS that bid clarification detailed discussion about the offer should usually comprise the final stage after receipt of tenders and before contract award; it will normally lead to improved value being obtained. (CIPS, 2013) The reason stated is that there are often points in the tender which need to be clarified. During bid clarification, discussion might take place around the specification or delivery period for example. This may lead to negotiation on terms and conditions, warrantiesRead MoreThe Current And Possible Future Use E Health Records And Systems1902 Words   |  8 PagesProfessional Optom Assignment 3 Discuss the current and possible future use e-health records and systems etc designed for electronic referrals between healthcare providers Introduction With the development of society and technology, patients increasingly have higher expectations and demands which place pressure on both the health care system and health care providers. Furthermore, as Australia’s population grows and ages, there is an increasing number of patients with complex or continuous careRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Childhood Obesity1678 Words   |  7 Pagesarea. The results of the preliminary review is reviewed by its own individual members and any other Action Board, Science Board or Education Board members wo ay have had some input and considers all comments from all units. Often times there may be referrals of proposals that go beyond the scope of the policy statement process. These considerations will be made by the JPC and will be referred to as follows as presented by the APHA (2013): a. Any items relating to internal operations, such as budget,Read MoreNmc Code of Conduct1420 Words   |  6 Pagesshare your skills and experience for the benefit of your colleagues †¢ 26. You must consult and take advice from colleagues when appropriate †¢ 27. You must treat your colleagues fairly and without discrimination †¢ 28. You must make a referral to another practitioner when it is in the best interests of someone in your care Delegate effectively. †¢ 29. You must establish that anyone you delegate to is able to carry out your instructions †¢ 30. You must confirm that the outcomeRead More Teaching ESL Writing (Final Paper)2481 Words   |  10 PagesTeaching ESL Writing At times the plethora of professional journals and the myriad subjects treated therein seems like little more than a dizzying exercise in redundancy and a forum for education professionals to justify their worth in a competitive job market; however, I would like to think that there is a hidden value for those of us whose brains seem to operate in what some might call a â€Å"spiral† rhetorical pattern, that as we work our way around and around certain issues relatedRead MoreUnderstanding Safeguarding of Children and Young People4542 Words   |  19 PagesProcedure for Referral Flow chart 1: CHILDS CASE IS REFERRED TO THE LOCAL AUTHORITY (LA) CHILDRENS SOCIAL CARE CHILDS CASE IS REFERRED TO THE LOCAL AUTHORITY (LA) CHILDRENS SOCIAL CARE Feedback to referrer on next course of action Feedback to referrer on next course of action → ↓ Social worker with their manager acknowledges receipt of referral and decidesRead MoreA Critical Review of a Senco Essay4380 Words   |  18 Pagesrelevant developments at national and local level The SEN Code of Practice 2001 remains the statutory legislation governing SEN practice and provision. The 2001 Code of Practice replaces the 1994 Code of Practice, although it retains much of the original guidance, but takes into account developments in education since 1994 and includes new obligations introduced by the SEN and Disability Act 2001. The 2001 Code of Practice promotes a more consistent approach to meeting the needs of children with

Influence of Advertising free essay sample

Advertising is a form of communication for marketing and is used to encourage or persuade an audience (Viewers, readers, or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behaviour with respect to a commercial offering and sometimes ideological offering. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and via various means including the mass media such as newspapers, radio and television or the new media which is the internet. It is also an impersonal way of communication.. Another important key word to note in this research is hygienic living. This means tending to promote or preserve health. Hygienic living are steps taken to live a healthy life. Hygienic living is very important in our society today especially in our country today, where people are exposed to different kind of germs due to unhealthy and dirty environment. In order to be able to carry out effective research on this project a product has to be studied. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of Advertising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The product for the research is Dettol. Dettol is the trade name for a line of hygienic products manufactured by Reckit Benkisers, there is the Dettol disinfectant liquid, Dettol Sanitizers, Dettol Antiseptic soaps of different kind. These are house hold products that are useful in promoting hygiene this is a very common product that is being used all over the country. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This research is focusing on how advertising i. e. Dettol advert has helped in promoting hygienic living. This means that has the advertisement of Dettol has been able to not just only influence buying behaviour but has also help in improving their hygiene by the usage of the product. Advertising is supposed to provide a consumer benefits or solve a problem. An advert must present a product in a way that creates a need for the product. Dettol soaps, disinfectant and sanitizers are advertised in a manner that alert the consumers of the presence of dirt and germs everywhere and that a constant use of Detttol products will clear the germs and protect the household from any infection and promote hygienic living. In our country today where we are constantly expose to germs due to unhealthy environment which can cause diseases, where there are also a lot of products that fight against germs. There needs to be awareness about how to prevent these diseases and the product that fight against germs must be known to people. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to find out if advertising has been able to influence and promote hygienic living. Taking a crucial look at the advertisement of Dettol products and it effects on the consumer. This tells the important of the study. It contains facts about what people research on and find out a useful information on the study i. e. literature review. It also includes the theory that best suit the study. The theory that will be used for this research is the social learning theory. The social learning theory was propounded by Albert Bandura in 1994. The theory believes that people learn from behaviour and is also influenced by the its environment. In relating the theory with this research, it is important to note that consistent, persuasive and informative advert create awareness and this in turn may influence not only the buying behaviour of a person but also the usefulness of such product. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Here a survey research method will be used where measuring variables and questioning them. Data will be use to generate result of data collected and different variables. Questionaire will be administered here. CONCLUSION At the end of the research, we should be able to find out if advertising really influence and promote hygienic living

The Reasons of Yahoos Success

Industry and macroeconomic factors Inflation and economic recession are some of the economical factors affecting the search engine industry (Jones 2). Since the search industry depends of revenue from companies, any slight performance of these companies affects the performance of the entire industry (Jones 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Reasons of Yahoo’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competitiveness and emergence of other customized portals, such as eBay, get into the search market making traditional players unable to break even (Jones 7). The shifting consumer demand also affects the search engine industry. This is in the sense that players have to adopt capabilities that can deliver on the end user demand (Jones 10). The future prospect of Yahoo Yahoo generates substantively its revenue from the sale of advertisements on short-term contracts. By January 2010, Yahoo had the world†™s largest market share in online display advertising. Yahoo’s United States market share for display advertising was at 17 percent followed by Microsoft at 11 percent and AOL came in third at 7 percent. The other competitive advantage is its customized web pages and services that meet the needs of customers (Jones 5). Yahoo’s high standard places the company at sustainable competitive advantage. The new innovative and novel products helped Yahoo set the benchmarks from the onset. Yahoo also has a stake of 40 percent in Alibaba Group Holding Ltd, which is valued at $120 billion (Jones 12). The success of Yahoo 2011 Table: Yahoo Revenue in millions Years 2011 2012 2013 Total Revenue $4,984 $4,986 $4,680 Net Income $1,048 $3,944 $1,360 Source: (Frier, Sarah and Aaron Ricadela par. 4). In the year 2011, social network Facebook overtook Yahoo in becoming the top search engine. The online entry of Facebook greatly reduced the market share. The loss of the top sp ot is attributed to the leadership strategies. The strategic recommendations by the top managers did not work effectively with the external and internal environments (Frier, Sarah and Aaron Ricadela 4).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The future revenue earning is estimated at over $80 billion from commercial advertisement through its radical business model by 2010-2015 (Frier, Sarah and Aaron Ricadela 5). However, this estimation has been scaled down due to the entry of Facebook, economic recession and other competitors. In September 2011, Carol Bartz is removed as CEO of the company. This was followed by successive removal and replacement of CEOs within short periods (Jones 11-12). The implementation of strategies by the top management was ineffective and this created wariness amongst the shareholders. Hence, the company had a challenge of finding a proficient CEO, who wou ld provide effective leadership with innovative, proper vision, mission and policy. Nevertheless, since the hiring of Marissa Mayer as a CEO on July 2012, the company performed successfully. Marissa Mayer was a former executive of the Google Company. Investment decision If I had money, I would have invested in the company, because Yahoo has promising future prospects. On July 2013, Yahoo outshined Google due to the number of visits to its websites. During this period, the number of United States visitors clicked at 196 million an increase of 21 percent per year (Womack 7). In 2012, Yahoo’s shares gained 58 percent. This year, the company plans to acquire San Francisco based Yelp company. Yelp’s shares have gone up by 30 percent (Womack 4). After a prudent analysis of Yahoo profitability and its management, investing in the company is highly recommended. Since the management is targeting and working effectively towards growing revenue, putting funds into the company is a good idea. Works Cited Frier, Sarah and Aaron Ricadela. â€Å"Yahoo Boosts Share Buyback by $5 Billion.† Bloomberg Technology. Web. Jones, Gareth R. â€Å"Is Yahoos Business model Working in 2011.† A case study (2011): pp. 1-13. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Reasons of Yahoo’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Womack, Brian. â€Å"Yahoo’s Profit Tops Estimates as Mayer’s Turnaround Gains Steam.† Web. This essay on The Reasons of Yahoo’s Success was written and submitted by user Zeke Rowe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Stay Organized With Your Marketing [PODCAST]

How to Stay Organized With Your Marketing [PODCAST] Do you have too much on your plate? Are you spread too thin? Are you constantly putting out fires? All of these are symptoms of a bigger problem, and oftentimes, that problem is a lack of prioritizing and planning ahead. If you see yourself in any of this, you will not want to miss today’s episode. We are talking to Jana Barrett, the senior content marketing manager at GetFeedback. In her position, she needs to balance prioritizing with getting all of her projects done. Today we’re going to talk about setting priorities for your projects, coming up with great ideas, and getting it all organized so you don’t fall behind. Information about GetFeedback and what Jana does there as the head of content marketing. How Jana finds a balance between strategic work and executing projects, particularly on the importance of seeing the forest for the trees and not getting caught up in minutiae. Jana’s system for time management: How she uses calendars and spreadsheets. Why it’s important for a marketing team to get feedback from a sales team and how this strategy helps the marketing team get closer to the customer. Where Jana’s first marketing ideas came from during her earliest projects. What the typical workflow looks like at GetFeedback, how they do their scheduling, and how far out they plan their content. Jana’s best advice for someone trying to get more organized and set better work priorities. Links: GetFeedbackIf you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Jana: â€Å"We were really focused on the big picture instead of tossing hours and minutes down the drain by getting caught up with data and charts.† â€Å"When you get feedback from the people that are having direct conversations with the humans on the other side of the phone or the computer or the table, you are able to connect to them.† â€Å"Being able to say no to things, to yourself, and to other people is really important in a content creation position.†

Marketing Planning (based on Apple Inc.) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Planning (based on Apple Inc.) - Essay Example has been chosen as the organization and the new product is Apple’s I-TV. The report will highlight the proposed feature of the latest product and the entire process to develop and launch it in the market. The report will also highlight the marketing strategy and also the expected returns from the product. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 New Product development Process 5 SWOT 6 Marketing Objectives of the company 7 Segmentation and Targeting 8 Marketing Strategy 9 Implementation & Factors affecting it 12 Budget 13 Marketing Control 13 Ethical Issues of Marketing 14 References 15 Bibliography 17 Self Evaluation 18 Introduction The history of Apple Inc. dates back to the early 1976 when the company was established by Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne and Steve Wozniak. The company is presently headquartered at California, USA (Yahoo Finance, n.d.). Apple together with its subsidiaries develops and markets desktop computers, laptops, portable music players, mobile comm unication devices and several other digital gadgets. Devices such as I-pad, I- Phone, Mac OS, I-pod are some of the invigorating products of Apple. The company has a worldwide presence and employs at around 370 exclusive Apple stores. Apart from the hardware section, the company also has a strong presence in the field of software. The software segment includes operating systems such as Mac OS and other utility and productivity applications like Quick time player, I-work and logic studio among others (Apple Store, n.d.). The company mainly distributes its product through whole sellers, retailers and Apple owned exclusive stores. Hewlett Packard, Dell, Google and Research in Motion Limited are the direct competitors of the company (NASDAQ, 2012). However companies such as Lenovo, Compaq, Toshiba and Hitachi are also considered as the circumlocutory competitors of the company. The aim of the report is to develop a new product and successfully launch it in the market with a sound market ing strategy. The product is also supposed to provide high return on investment in its initial stages. Now going by the prevailing situation of Apple, the company is mainly famous for its innovative products. Therefore the product which has been chosen for the course of action is I-TV, an innovative television. I-TV: A brief overview The proposed product I-TV is an extension of Apple’s innovative product range. The product will also mark Apple’s presence in the Television industry and can certainly pose a big challenge for the established players. The projected features of the product of the product are:- 3D display Widescreen Strong Audio and Video output Look of Apple The most important feature and the Unique Selling Proposition of the product is that it will be capable of broadcasting all the digital channels of the world. As a result users can enjoy thousands of channels. New Product development Process Nowadays organizations are faced with increased level of compe tition within the industry (Monczka, 2000, p.1). There are even competitions from the foreign players as well as local players apart from the established domestic players. Hence it becomes necessary for an organization to undertake new product development in order to hold its land in the industry and perform its operations effectively in the market place. The new product development process starts from idea generation and continues till commercialization of the product (Boone & Kurtz, 2011, p.395). The stages are briefly

Unaccustomed Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unaccustomed Earth - Essay Example It is a dazzling masterful work of a writer at the hit the highest point of her prowess. Lahiri investigates the life of immigrants deeply. However, immigrants are the wok’s protagonists, their insecurities, doubts, heartbreaks, and losses belong to us all. Lahiri has explored the secrets of the heart of a human being perfect. Lahiri's gift for the reader of this story is dazzling prose that confers greatness on the mundane events of life. However, it is her exploration of lost love that grants her the stories, as well as emotional exactitude writers, could hope to match. Jhumpa’s characters are immigrants of India and their children reared in America. They are exiles that bestride two countries, double cultures and gain neither. They have used too much freedom that they fail to acknowledge the conventions and rituals of home. At the same time, they are steeped to embrace American fully in

MBA Interactive Project Essay Example for Free

MBA Interactive Project Essay Introduction Continuing the work and analysis begun in the first three SLPs, we again project ourselves back in time to the year 2012. I am in responsible for decisions on product development and pricing for the next four years for our line of tablets. I will show the score, financials and market data at the end of the four year period from my previous time discussions. Finally we can make a detailed discussion and analysis of the data using CVP analysis, and will explain why I recommend specific pricing and research and development (RD) costs for the next four year period. Discussion The Clipboard Tablet Company is currently making three different tablet models; the X5, X6 and X7. The X5 has been on the market for three years already and market research has determined that consumers are not very worried about performance for this older tablet. The middle tablet, the X6, has been on the market for two years and market research shows consumers are concerned about performance but not necessarily price. The final tablet, the X7, is the newest and has only been on the market for one year, and market research shows the consumer is interested in both performance and price. With this in mind, we can analyze how the products evolved when Mr. Shmoe was in charge. The following table depicts the price and RD percentage for each tablet over the preceding four years (since the last run) and whether or not the particular tablet production was discontinued or not. The graphs also depict the revenue generated and profit from the different tablets over the time period I was in charge of making the decisions instead of Mr. Shmoe. Review Overall the results of the third run of the tablet simulation had an end result which was approximately $142 million greater than the previous run, which was accomplished using CVP analysis. This change was due to two reasons. The first was the increased sales and revenue generated by the X6 tablet, ultimately reaching market saturation. The second reason was due to the dramatically increased sales of the X7. As the graphs display, the X6 accelerated greatly in terms of revenue and profit through 2013 and then began a steady and definite decline once reaching market saturation. Revenue and profit for the X7 were drastically different as compared to previous simulations, beginning to increase in 2014 and 2015,and setting the stage for sustained revenue and profits in the future time period. The X5 was relatively unchanged from previous simulations since I left the pricing alone due to the tablet having been on the market for several years already. Data Discussion It will also help to discuss in more detail what happened in the third simulation under my supervision while using the CVP model. For the X5, initial RD allocation of the $24 million available was only 5%, or $1.2 million, plus the $75 million in other fixed costs gave a total fixed cost of $76.2 million. The variable cost per unit for the X5 amounts to $150, and using a price of $300 per tablet, the breakeven point for the X5 is 508,000 units sold. A price of $300 per tablet yielded a profit of $119 million. Fixed costs for the X5 are extremely high and with the age of the X,5 little RD dollars were allocated in order to keep the total fixed costs down. Next up, the X6’s fixed costs were $48.3 million including the RD costs, while the variable cost of the X6 came out to $275 per tablet. The breakeven volume for the X6 priced at $375 per tablet comes out to 375,000 tablets. The idea here was to achieve market saturation as quickly as possible and reap the associated profit. Based on the life cycle of the X6, the price was increased by only five dollars per year and associated RD expenses were reduced only 5% in the latter years. Finally, the X7 has the exact same fixed cost as the X6 with the only difference being the dollars allocated for the RD, which for the second run of the simulation was $49.5 million. However, the variable costs for the X7 are extremely low at only $55 per tablet. The breakeven volume for the X7 at $120 per tablet comes out to just under 577,000 tablets. The strategy here was to have a much lower initial price in an attempt to capture market share and volume upfront which would ultimately reap large profits after the breakeven point. Formulating a revised strategy Considering all of this information, the revised strategy will be somewhat similar from the previous one in regards to the overall conceptual plan. My previous strategy focused on CVP analysis, while the newer revised strategy for the tablet simulation will attempt to tweak and optimize this strategy further. Due to the lower breakeven prices of each of the tablets, volume for each one can be increased immediately by a reduction in price. Therefore we will attempt this for the X6 and X7 tablets. CVP does not account for product lifecycle, however, which is why my strategy is to more or less leave the pricing the same for the X5 as the previous run. RD for the X5 will never increase above 1% since the consumers don’t care for this feature, while RD will be the highest for the X7, which is marketed as the primary benefit of this higher-performance tablet. Prices for the X6 and X7 will increase by $10/year while maintaining roughly a 40-60 RD split respectively, with the beginning price of the X7 starting $10 lower. This strategy should show higher profits after four years by keeping prices closer to their breakeven CVP pricing and varying slightly the RD costs based on changing market saturation. To sum up the strategy, it is to more or less leave the X5 and X6 fairly constant from my previous simulation but attempt to increase overall sales in the X7 market, thus creating more revenue and profit. The following table depicts the results of the updated strategy for the next four years. As you can see we left the initial pricing for the X6 the same, starting out with a price of $375. Conclusion In conclusion, we generated a revised strategy for the Clipboard Tablet Company based on a revised and optimized CVP analysis. By adjusting the pricing for the X7 slightly downward in order to increase sales and revenue/profit, we maximize the outcome. The goal is to continue reap the profits out of the X5, get maximum revenue off of the X6 by achieving market saturation and to dramatically increase sales of the X7 which is the future for our company. I look forward to putting this into practice. References Forio.com, 2012. â€Å"Introduction.† PDA Simulator. Retrieved 09 Jan 2013 from: http://forio.com/simulate/jelson/tablet-development-sim-1/simulation/#p=page1 Manoski, Paula, 2002. â€Å"The RD strategy/strategic process Part 1: a road map to RD effectiveness.† Allbusiness.com, Retrieved 09 Jan 2013from: http://www.allbusiness.com/sales/customer-service-product-knowledge/122484-1.html QuickMBA.com, 2010. â€Å"Product Lifecycle.† Retrieved 13Jan 2013 from: http://www.quickmba.com/marketing/product/lifecycle

Journal Article Critique Essay -- essays research papers

Research Article 1 Roberts, T. (2003). Effects of Alphabet-Letter Instruction on Young Children’s Word Recognition [Electronic Version]. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95 (1), 41-51. Title The title of the article gave a fair representation of the topic as it was clear and concise in the wording. The title encompassed the idea that alphabet letter instruction on young children’s word recognition would be explored through experiments and analysis. Reading on through the article it was evident that the effects of alphabet letter instruction on you children’s word recognition were addressed. Introduction Experimental studies have been undertaken throughout the years in relation to alphabet letter instruction. The first of these experiments were undertaken with kindergarten and year one students in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The purpose of these early experiments was to examine the hypothesis that letter-name knowledge played a causal role in the relationship between letter-name knowledge and early reading. If knowledge of letter names was a causal factor, then instruction that increased children’s letter-name knowledge should increase early reading performance. It was concluded from these early studies that there was little educational benefit to be gained from letter-name instruction. A man by the name of Ehri in 1983 critiqued these early studies and concluded they suffered from a number of methodological flaws. The concluded flaws included training may have been too short and not thorough, treatment groups differed, training did not include instruction in how to use letter-name knowledge for word reading and training the children in small groups resulted in insufficient learning. Since the early studies and Ehri’s conclusions a great deal of research has demonstrated that letter knowledge is integrally involved in word recognition. The hypotheses and purpose of this later study was to examine anew the effects of letter-name knowledge associated with instruction on beginning phonetic word recognition with methodology correcting for the flaws of previous studies. After instruction the children’s ability to learn 3 types of word spellings was examined. An argument was then formulated that efforts to increase children’s attention to letter information are needed, given its clear importance in early reading. Method The subjects for this stud... ...ponent. The core of this difference seem to centre around how children should be helped to read words not in their sight vocabularies, with parents highly valuing the use of word phonetics and teachers highly valuing the use of context. There were no limitations and future research noted in this study. Critique This article discussed the views and opinions of both parents and teachers in regards to beginning reading. Literacy development is a major issue within early primary classrooms. Parent’s views on this were that literacy development is the responsibility of the school. The foundation of literacy definitely comes from the school but it is at home where it is practiced and reinforce and may even overarch the schools responsibility. Children whose parents are unable to assist them at home with their literacy development definitely fall out in respect to ongoing help and support. Children in my primary school classes whose parents were unable to help them struggled with their reading, word recognition and literacy skills the entire way through primary school. This shows that literacy development is not primarily the schools responsibility but the child’s parents at home also.

Krakauer’s life Essay

In April of 1992 a young man named Chris McCandless, from a prosperous and loving family, hitchhiked across the country to Alaska. He gave $25,000 of his savings to charity, left his car and nearly all of his possessions. He burned all the cash he had in his wallet, and created a new life. Four months later, his body was found in an abandoned bus. Jon Krakauer constructed a journalistic account of McCandless’s story. Bordering on obsession, Krakauer looks for the clues to the mystery that is Chris McCandless. What he finds is the intense pull of the wilderness on our imagination, the appeal of high-risk activities to young men. When McCandless’s mistakes turn out to be fatal he is dismissed for his naivetà ©. He was said by some to have a death wish, but wanting to die and wanting to see what one is capable of are too very different things. I began to ask myself if Chris really wasn’t as crazy as some people thought. Then I realized it was quite possible that the reason people thought he was crazy was because he had died trying to fulfill his dream. If he had walked away from his adventure like Krakauer, people would have praised him rather than ridicule. So I asked the question, â€Å"How does Krakauer’s life parallel Chris McCandlesses?† Chris and Jon’s life have many parallels and contrasts at the same time. Both gave up most of their possessions to go after a dream they had. Ones dream was to live off the land in the remote regions of Alaska, the other too climb the Devils Thumb, a mountain peak that had never been scaled by man. Each man was aware of the risks, but were they equally prepared when each began their own adventure? I feel that Chris McCandless was at a disadvantage when he first started off. Raised by a wealthy family and just graduating from Emory University I feel he wasn’t as prepared as he could have been. Fortunately his father had taken him on hiking trips so he was at least somewhat familiar with the wilderness but in no way was he prepared at all for the severity of the Alaskan wilderness. I think it would have been quite a feat just for Chris to have been able to live off the land in a local forest. To be fair to Chris I’m sure Krakauer didn’t start off by just one day deciding he would climb the Devils Thumb after he was inspired by making it up the climbing wall at the local county fair. Both men had to gradually work their way up to accomplishing their goals. Jon did this by  many other smaller climbs and Chris worked his way up by studying nature books and roaming across the U.S. So in this way Jon and Chris were alike even though their goals were different. Another way the two were similar was the fact that they both had family problems. Though his parents and sister loved him Chris secretly despised his parents for covering up the fact that his father had been raising two separate families. Just like Chris’s father Lewis Krakauer had already begun to prepare him for a career that he didn’t want to be any part of. I think both sons were consumed by a sort of blind rage when they found out that their fathers were less than perfect. This anger fueled them to rebel and go against their fathers wishes to make their own futures. The biggest (and most obvious) difference between Jon and Chris is that one died living out his dream and the other lived to walk away from it. Most people would say that Chris failed because his goal was to survive in the wilderness. Others would say that Jon succeeded because he made it too the top and lived to tell his tale. However were the incidents really that different? Chris lived in the Alaskan wilderness almost a hundred days before his fateful mistake that cost him his life. Jon also had a few fateful mistakes that could have cost him his life but didn’t, like the time he caught his tent on fire or when his supply plane couldn’t come because of bad weather. Most people wouldn’t even dream of doing either of these feats. When the risks are as high as either of these men faced, even the most simple of mistakes can prove fatal. I think that if Chris was seen as a failure then so should Jon. I think this because Jon’s original goal was to climb the unclimbed section of The Devils Thumb. When Jon could not accomplish this he backtracked and found an easier, already climbed path. However I think that both men were successful in their own ways. Chris survived for an extended period of time without the help of civilization but due to the poisonous potato seeds he ate he was too weak to hike back to civilization. Jon realized his limitations and knew he was forced to lower his goal or face death. If anyone was a failure it was Jon because he backed down from his initial goal. Ever since I was a small boy I have been an outdoorsman. I love to go camping and go on hikes. At summer camp I would climb the rock piles and go exploring. I can relate to both Jon and Chris’s need for adventure. Even here at college I continue to love the outdoors. I use the climbing tower at the ARC, go snowboarding on the sledding hill, and go running on ROTC trails (during warm weather). But even though I love the outdoors I still don’t have what it takes to do what either of these men tried to do. I know my limitations and wouldn’t want to risk my life foolishly. I know its possible that I could learn how to but unfortunately all my life I have been taught that someday I’ll go to college, get a good job, get married, have kids and live a happy, uneventful life. Which is why I admire Jon and Chris, both had the courage to go against the norm of society and just go do what they felt like. Don’t get me wrong I love my life but some days I wish I could do what they did, just throw away all my possessions and worries and just do what I really want to do. Bob Marshal put it best when he said â€Å"For me, and for thousands with similar inclinations, the most important passion of life is the overpowering desire to escape periodically from the clutches of a mechanistic civilization. To us the enjoyment of solitude, complete independence, and the beauty of undefiled panoramas is absolutely essential to happiness† (Outdoorclub). Ever since man began to explore we have had a desire to conquer and know the unknown. In the days of the Wild West young men would move their families westward in search of adventure and opportunity â€Å"the wild ones, the men of the wild frontier† (Wayne 1). This drive, this manifest destiny, â€Å"the great pressure of people moving always to new frontiers, in search of new lands, new power, the full freedom of a virgin world, has ruled our course and formed our polices lake a Fate,† (Weinberg 1) is what compelled Jon and Chris to go against the grain of society and follow their dreams. With fewer and fewer â€Å"New Frontiers† these two were forced to resort to one of the last unconquered regions of the world, Alaska. It was there that they faced their fears and overcame hardships to succeed. In conclusion I think that one of the reasons Krakauer decided to write about Chris McCandless is the fact that he found so many disturbing coincidences  about his own life that he felt obligated to tell Chris’s story. I think it is quite possible Jon feels guilty about having survived when Chris died. Either way, I think both men were success full even though they both had very different goals and outcomes. Works Cited Outdoorclub. 01 Mar. 2005 . Wayne, Bennett. Men of the Wild Frontier. Champaign: Garrard Publishing Company, 1968. Weinberg, Albert. manifest Destiny. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1935.

Philosphers and Theories - 835 Words

Two Great Philosophers and their Principal Theories Sigmund Schlomo Freud was an Austrian neurologist born on May 06, 1856. Freud is know as the father of psychoanalysis, his theories of the unconscious mind and repression. Freud created the clinical method of psychoanalysis to investigate and treat psychopathology. Freud understood the workings of the human brain. He was intrigued by it, I believe that was one of the reasons he was a neurologist. Freud came from a poor family of eight children and he was favored over his other siblings the most. His parents sacrificed for his education regardless of being poor. Freud went to a preteigous high school and graduated with honors. Freud studied under great philosopher’s, Darwinist Prof†¦show more content†¦Freud believed there were stages in life as a person matures into adult sexuality. Freud was also on to something, he believed before the 1890s that childhood sexual abuse were a causes for the emotional and mental state of mind, but rejected that theory, but Freud was right. Later in life Freud discussed the psyche of the human mind, and how it can be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego. Id is the impulsiveness of a person the â€Å"pleasure principle†. Ego means from Freuds opinion; the pursuit for an insatiable need for pleasure (Id), which can get you in trouble and, therefore the Id divide’s itself into ego and superego. Sigmund Freud was very famous, because of his psychoanalytic therapy on sexual urges and how that influenced the mental health of a individual. Freds theories influenced others to launch the sexual revolution, and people realized the breakdown of the family structures and how a persons family can be detrimental to one life. Sigmund Freuds research is still taught today and was revolutionary to understanding the human mind. Fredric Wikelm Nietzsche, was a 19th century German philosopher and classical philologist. Nietzsche wrote many text works on science, religion, morality and cultures. Born on October 15, 1844, Nietzsche was introduced to the teachings of the Greeks and Romans, and was intrigued by different cultures and religion from his christianShow MoreRelated Reaction Paper: Was Marx Wrong?705 Words   |  3 Pageswell as a great inspiration to many philosphers and people past and present. Karl Marx was a man of action for the less fortunate class, in that sense his theories are not wrong, to a certain extent they are positve inquisitions. It is those whom have practiced Marx theories that have misinterpreted his works giving Karl Marx a negative demeanor. 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